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Table 1 Main conditions used to induce muscle wasting in animals (mice and rats) and the variation of key components involved in UPS activation. Please note that the models in this table were generated only for the experiments: muscle wasting was induced in normal animals by various treatments and the molecular mechanisms subsequently analyzed.

From: Roles and potential therapeutic targets of the ubiquitin proteasome system in muscle wasting

Main models of muscle wasting

Variation of key components involved in UPS activation

 

UPS mRNAs

N-end rule pathway

NFκB activity

MuRF-1

MAFbx

Selected reference

Cancer cachexia

[84,100]

Sepsis

[101,102]

Hindlimb suspension

[89,103]

Denervation

?

[17,31,104]

Hyperthyroidism

?

[17,105]

Burn injuries

[106,107]

Cirrhosis

?

[108,109]

Starvation

[110,111]

Diabetes

[56,105,112]

Uremia

?

[37,113]

  1. : upregulation; ?: not determined or unclear.